update

src/grammar/use_of_numbers.md

@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ Correct: Students need to hand in two copies of their assignment.
 ## Correcting Wrong Use of Numbers
 
 
-Numbers between 1 and 9 should be spelled out (in MLA style). When the writing sample uses numbers infrequently, or if APA style is followed, numbers between 1 and 100 should also be spelled out.
+Numbers between 1 and 9 should be spelled out (in MLA style). When the writing
+sample uses numbers infrequently, or if APA style is followed, numbers between 1
+and 100 should also be spelled out.
 
-If two or more related numbers are used in a sentence, one below 10 and one a bigger number, their use should be consistent. They can either be spelled out or written as numerals.
+If two or more related numbers are used in a sentence, one below 10 and one a
+bigger number, their use should be consistent. They can either be spelled out or
+written as numerals.
 
 ```example
 Correct: We have a large family. My sister has 5 children. My great grandmother, however, had 19 grandchildren before she died.
@@ -44,9 +48,11 @@ Correct: We have a large family. My sister has five children. My great grandmoth
 ```
 
 
-If, however, the numbers refer to two different things, they can be written differently.
+If, however, the numbers refer to two different things, they can be written
+differently.
 
-Numbers at the beginning of the sentence should also be spelled out with the exception of years:
+Numbers at the beginning of the sentence should also be spelled out with the
+exception of years:
 
 ```example
 Correct: Two-thirds of the class scored in the mid 80s in their final exam.
@@ -60,9 +66,12 @@ Correct: 1564 is the year when Shakespeare was born.
 
 > **Rule To Remember**
 >
-> Spell out numbers at the beginning of the sentence, with the exception of years.
+> Spell out numbers at the beginning of the sentence, with the exception of
+> years.
 
-Numbers that represent years, days of month, pages, chapters, street addresses, route numbers, percentages, temperatures, and telephone numbers should be written as numerals.
+Numbers that represent years, days of month, pages, chapters, street addresses,
+route numbers, percentages, temperatures, and telephone numbers should be
+written as numerals.
 
 ```example
 Correct: In all, 78% of voters backed the changes to the constitution while 17% were undecided. Those against the changes had 5% of the votes.
@@ -89,14 +98,17 @@ Correct: The Battle of Gettysburg ended on July 3, 1863.
 ```
 
 
-Numbers should be written as numerals when accompanied by abbreviations such as lb, in, mph, rpm, etc.
+Numbers should be written as numerals when accompanied by abbreviations such as
+lb, in, mph, rpm, etc.
 
 ```example
 Correct: More fuel efficient cars with at least 30 mpg or better are much easier to sell.
 ```
 
 
-However, those same numbers should be expressed in plural when there is no preceding number, or when the numbers are used to express generalized statements.
+However, those same numbers should be expressed in plural when there is no
+preceding number, or when the numbers are used to express generalized
+statements.
 
 ```example
 Correct: I looked at dozens of websites during my research process.
@@ -127,9 +139,11 @@ Correct: The current decline in the housing market is often compared to the one
 ```
 
 
-When the word o'clock is used, the word expressing time should be spelled out; otherwise, a.m., p.m. should be used with a numeral.
+When the word o'clock is used, the word expressing time should be spelled out;
+otherwise, a.m., p.m. should be used with a numeral.
 
-If neither o'clock or a.m./p.m. are used in the sentence, the time should be spelled out.
+If neither o'clock or a.m./p.m. are used in the sentence, the time should be
+spelled out.
 
 ```example
 Correct: The meeting is scheduled at four in the afternoon.
@@ -151,7 +165,8 @@ Correct: We are meeting at two-thirty tomorrow.
 > - Spell out time when no a.m. or p.m. is used.
 > - Spell out simple fractions.
 
-When the date includes month, day, and year, a comma should be used to set off the year. If only the month is used, no commas are needed.
+When the date includes month, day, and year, a comma should be used to set off
+the year. If only the month is used, no commas are needed.
 
 ```example
 Correct: Our first mortgage payment is due October 15, 2007.
@@ -163,7 +178,8 @@ Correct: Our first trip to Europe was in October 2006.
 ```
 
 
-Simple fractions should be spelled out. A more complex fraction can be represented as a numeral unless it is at the beginning of the sentence.
+Simple fractions should be spelled out. A more complex fraction can be
+represented as a numeral unless it is at the beginning of the sentence.
 
 ```example
 Incorrect: 1/3 of our income goes toward the mortgage payment.
@@ -203,7 +219,8 @@ Correct: They had twenty-five tickets available.
 ```
 
 
-Commas should separate thousands, millions, etc. And a decimal point should be used with decimal numbers.
+Commas should separate thousands, millions, etc. And a decimal point should be
+used with decimal numbers.
 
 ```
 $1,200,000

src/punctuation/apostrophe.md

@@ -1 +1,174 @@
 # Apostrophe
+
+Apostrophe errors often occur when the plural form and the possessive form are confused. Additionally, apostrophes also tend to be used incorrectly with years.
+
+```example
+Incorrect: Joneses yard is much bigger than Smith's.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Incorrect: My brother graduated from NIU in the early 1990's.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> The apostrophe is used to indicate possessive case, contractions, and omitted letters.
+
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+```example
+Correct: Jones's yard is much bigger than Smith's.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: My brother graduated from NIU in the early 1990s.
+```
+
+
+The apostrophe is not strictly a punctuation mark, but more a part of a word to indicate possessive case, contractions, or omitted letters.
+
+## Possessives
+
+Apostrophes are used to form the possessive form of a singular noun or a plural noun not ending in s by adding ' and an s at the end. If a plural noun ends in s, only ' should be added.
+
+university's women's students'
+
+```example
+Correct: High school students' scores have been gradually improving over the last several years.
+```
+
+
+If ownership of something is shared, use 's after the second owner.
+
+```example
+Correct: Bill and Ted's guitar
+```
+
+
+If ownership of something is separate, use 's after each owner.
+
+```example
+Correct: Bill's and Ted's guitars
+```
+
+
+## Contractions
+
+A contraction is one word that is formed by combing two words. As the two words are combined, a letter is (letters are) dropped and an apostrophe is added in its place. Usually, a pronoun and a verb are used when forming contractions.
+
+The following is a list of common contractions:
+
+- `'d` when contracting `would` or `had` (`he'd`)
+- `'m` when contracting `am` (`I'm`)
+- `'s` when contracting `is` or `has` (`she's`)
+- `'ll` when contracting `will` (`I'll`)
+- `'re` when contracting `are` (`they're`)
+- `'ve` when contracting `have` (`we've`)
+- `n't` when negating some helping or linking verbs (`wasn't`, `shouldn't`)
+
+```example
+Correct: They'll complete the assignment by tomorrow.
+```
+
+
+Not is used to form negative contractions with many linking verbs. When making a negative contraction, omit the "o" in "not" and replace it with an apostrophe. The only exception to this rule is will not which contracts to form won't.
+
+```example
+Correct: Don't take my car!
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> If ownership of something is shared, use 's after the second owner; otherwise, use 's after each owner.
+
+## Numbers and Omissions
+
+Numbers can be shortened by adding an apostrophe in place of the omitted number.
+
+```example
+Correct: the class of '07
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: events in the '60s
+```
+
+
+Be careful using abbreviations in formal writing. In most cases, it is best to spell the numbers out or write them as full numerals.
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Numbers can be shortened by adding an apostrophe in place of the omitted number.
+
+## Plurals of Letters, Words, Numbers and Signs
+
+An apostrophe and s are also used to form the plural of letters, numbers, signs, and words referring to words.
+
+```example
+Correct: The word Mississippi has many s's.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Count incorrectly spelled accent's in your essay.
+```
+
+## When Do You Not Need an Apostrophe?
+
+With time periods and after numbers.
+
+```example
+Incorrect: The 1900's = the years between 1900-1999
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: The 1900s = the years between 1900-1999
+```
+
+```example
+Incorrect: MP3's = more than one MP3
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: MP3s = more than one MP3
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Do not add an apostrophe at the end of a number indicating a time period: 1960s, 1800s, etc.
+
+### After Symbols
+
+```example
+Correct: *s = asterisks
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: #s = pounds/numbers
+```
+
+### After Abbreviations
+
+```example
+Correct: CDs = compact disks
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: DVDs = digital video (or versatile) disks
+```
+
+### With Possessive Pronouns
+
+its, hers, his, theirs, my, mine, ours, yours, whose
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/capitalization.md

@@ -1 +1,161 @@
 # Capitalization
+
+Capitalization rules are numerous and quite often challenging. This discussion focuses on the most basic rules used in capitalization. Consider the following examples:
+
+```example
+Incorrect: The king of Persia was assassinated.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Incorrect: The courses in English are challenging, but the courses in Mathematics are impossible.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Capitalize the first word of a sentence, unique people, places, or things.
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+In the first sentence, the word King refers to a unique title and it, therefore, needs to be capitalized. In the second sentence, mathematics refers to a general subject and not a specific course. It needs to be in lower case.
+
+```example
+Correct: The King of Persia was assassinated.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: The courses in English are challenging, but the courses in mathematics are impossible.
+```
+
+
+The most general rule for capitalization is to use capital letters always:
+
+- To begin a sentence
+- For unique people, places, or things
+- For some abbreviations
+
+```example
+Correct: Considering economic differences between North and South, the Civil War was inevitable.
+```
+
+
+## Capitalization in Sentences
+
+
+Always begin sentences with a capitalized word. This may mean changing numerals to letters:
+
+```example
+Correct: One hundred and thirty-five votes were needed to win the election.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Nineteen Eighty-Four was written by George Orwell.
+```
+
+
+Capitalization rules also apply to excerpts and quotations when you adapt these to begin a sentence. Here is one example:
+
+[Line as it appears in the text]:
+
+```example
+Correct: But Mario couldn't deliver my note as no one really knows to this day where Lio is.
+```
+
+
+[As it appears when included in your paper at the beginning of a sentence]:
+
+```example
+Correct: 'No one really knows to this day where Lio is' serves to affirm the author's reality, that Lio is yet another victim of the dictator's cruel and motiveless inhumanity.
+```
+
+
+But when a sentence is broken up into fragments for emphasis, subsequent parts are not capitalized:
+
+```example
+Correct: What should I do? stay? or leave?
+```
+
+
+## Word Capitalization
+
+Capitalize the following words:
+
+- Individual, unique names, and attached titles
+    - John Smith
+    - Eleanor Roosevelt
+    - Governor Schwartz
+- Places and regions
+    - Chicago
+    - Midwest
+    - South America
+    - the North Pole
+- Groups or organizations
+    - Olympics Committee
+    - Chicago Bears
+    - Supreme Court
+    - Lions Club
+    - Kiwanis
+- Languages
+    - Spanish
+    - English
+    - Tagalog
+- Trademarks and company names
+    - Coca-Cola
+    - Ford
+    - IBM
+    - Hyundai, Inc.
+- Historical events, periods, documents
+    - Middle Ages
+    - Declaration of Independence
+    - the Magna Carta
+    - the Civil War
+- Lists after colons
+    - Our mother had rules for us: 1) Come home on time. 2) Eat dinner. 3) Go to bed.
+- Days, months, holidays
+    - Monday
+    - March
+    - New Year's Day
+- But not seasons or centuries
+    - fall
+    - spring
+    - eighteenth century
+
+Capitalize the following words:
+
+- Book titles, but not their prepositions or articles
+    - Gone with the Wind
+    - Under the Tuscan Sun
+    - the Koran
+    - How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents
+    - the Bible
+    - The Old Man and the Sea
+- The names of ships are both capitalized and italicized
+    - the Queen Mary
+    - the Lusitania
+
+**Note the exception:** unlike other books, sacred writings are neither italicized nor underlined.
+
+### Abbreviations
+
+- States (omit periods)
+    - NJ
+    - CA
+    - USA
+- Time Periods
+    - BC
+    - BCE
+    - CE
+    - AD
+- Educational Degrees
+    - MA
+    - BA
+    - Ed.D.
+    - PhD
+
+Always consider your audience. Abbreviations should be used only when they are terms familiar to your reader.
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/colon.md

@@ -1 +1,108 @@
 # Colon
+
+Sometimes it can be confusing deciding when to use a colon or a semicolon. The colon is used to provide an example or more detailed information in the sentence.
+
+```example
+Incorrect: A teacher should be gifted or skilled in such areas as: patience, self-reflection, and humor.
+```
+
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Use a colon after expressions the, following, or as follows.
+>
+> Do not use it after for example, including, such as, or that is.
+
+> **Another Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Use a colon before a list, an explanation, or a definition that is preceded by a clause that can stand alone.
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+In the sentence above, no colon is needed after the phrase in such areas as.
+
+```example
+Correct: A teacher should be gifted or skilled in such areas as patience, self-reflection, and humor.
+```
+
+
+
+## The Colon Is Used
+
+
+After the expressions the following or as follows but not after for example, including, such as, or that is.
+
+```example
+Correct: You can utilize the following resources for your paper: encyclopedias, atlases, and dictionaries.
+```
+
+
+
+After an independent clause or a dependent clause. It may link two separate clauses or phrases by indicating a step forward from the first clause to the second.
+
+```example
+Correct: I think I know why I am not feeling well today: I spent too much time in the sun yesterday.
+```
+
+
+
+Between two independent clauses when the second modifies the first.
+
+```example
+Correct: These laptops are a great buy: they are lightweight, powerful, and inexpensive.
+```
+
+
+To indicate a quotation that is formally announced.
+
+```example
+Correct: An old Irish proverb says: "There are two beginnings to every year."
+```
+
+
+Before a list, an explanation, or a definition that is preceded by a clause that can stand alone.
+
+```example
+Correct: I was able to fit everything in my laptop bag: laptop, mouse, network cable, power supply, and a notebook.
+```
+
+
+After a salutation in formal correspondence.
+
+```example
+Correct:
+
+Dear Sir/Madam:
+
+Thank you for considering my application.
+```
+
+Between the hour and minute in time.
+
+```example
+Correct: 5:30 a.m.
+```
+
+
+To introduce a long formal quotation.
+
+```example
+Correct:
+```
+
+
+The author concludes by emphasizing the relevance of wikis in education:
+
+Regardless of how educators feel about the potential of wikis, and I can understand the hesitancy many teachers feel, one thing remains certain. The collaborative environment that wikis facilitate can teach students much about how to work with others, how to create community, and how to operate in a world where creation of knowledge and information is more and more becoming a group effort. (Richardson, 74)
+
+Remember to indent long quotations (also called block quotes) half an inch.
+
+Between volumes and page numbers or chapters and verses.
+
+```example
+Correct: Chicago 10:25-28
+```
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/comma.md

@@ -1 +1,137 @@
 # Comma
+
+Most often commas are used to separate items in a series or to set off introductory phrases. This section outlines the most common comma uses. Consider the following sentence:
+
+```example
+Incorrect: While you were watching your favorite show I managed to finish the first assignment.
+```
+
+Correcting the Problem
+
+In the sentence above, the adverbial clause while you were watching your favorite show needs to be set off by a comma.
+
+```example
+Correct: While you were watching your favorite show, I managed to finish the first assignment.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Use a comma to separate introductory words, phrases, or clauses.
+
+## Introductory Words and Clauses
+
+A comma is used to separate introductory words (besides, however, furthermore, therefore) and introductory phrases and clauses.
+
+```example
+Correct: I need to spend some time preparing for this test. Besides, it's such an important test.
+```
+
+
+A comma is used to separate introductory participial phrases, adverbial clauses, and prepositional clauses.
+
+```example
+Correct: Waiting for the storm to stop, I was anxiously looking out the window.
+```
+
+Appositives and Parenthetical Expressions
+
+Commas are also used to set off appositives and parenthetical expressions.
+
+An appositive is a word that follows a noun and explains it.
+
+```example
+Correct: Anderson Cooper, a reporter, gained his first experience and eventual popularity by covering war stories.
+```
+
+Parenthetical expressions also explain or clarify the sentence. Some of the more common expressions are of course, I believe, after all, by the way, in my opinion, for example, to tell the truth.
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Parenthetical expressions explain or clarify the sentence. They need to be set off by commas.
+
+
+In the following sentence, I believe is a parenthetical expression.
+
+```example
+Correct: The Big Bang Theory, I believe, provides a very interesting explanation of the origin of the universe.
+```
+
+
+And in this sentence, I believe is not a parenthetical expression.
+
+```example
+Correct: I believe that The Big Bang Theory provides a very interesting explanation of the origin of the universe.
+```
+
+
+Such words as however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, or therefore often appear parenthetically.
+
+```example
+Correct: I realize, however, that this theory may be flawed.
+```
+
+
+Non-defining clauses provide additional information about the noun they modify. These clauses are typically separated by commas.
+
+```example
+Correct: Anderson Cooper, who is Gloria Vanderbilt's son, is an excellent reporter.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Thinking back, I realize now what kind of mistake I made.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Use commas to set off non-defining relative clauses.
+>
+> Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction.
+
+## Compound Sentences
+
+
+When joining two complete sentences, use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, or, for, nor, so, but, or yet).
+
+```example
+Correct: Laura developed the film, and Jason printed the pictures.
+```
+
+
+## Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Our last class reunion was on August 5, 1999, in Chicago, Illinois.
+```
+
+
+When only month and date are given, no comma is necessary.
+
+```example
+Correct: We are meeting on August 5.
+```
+
+
+When listing items (either words, phrases, or clauses) in a series, use commas to separate them. There are different views on whether a comma is needed before and. Some grammarians have stated that it is not needed, and some have said that adding a comma before and prevents confusion in a sentence. Whichever rule you decide to go by, make sure you are consistent throughout your writing whenever there are series of items joined by and.
+
+```example
+Correct: Laura showed Jason how to cut the negatives, dust the lens and counters, and change the ink ribbons in the printers.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> When listing items (either words, phrases, or clauses) in a series, use commas to separate them.
+
+## Adjectives
+
+
+When two adjectives separately modify the same noun and can be inverted and connected with and, use a comma between them.
+
+```example
+Correct: Ignorant, unruly customers always seem to be the first ones in line.
+```
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/comma_splice.md

@@ -1 +1,51 @@
 # Comma Splice
+
+
+When two complete sentences are joined by a comma, and there is no conjunction present, we get a comma splice.
+
+Incorrect: She decided not to contribute to the project anymore, she had done her share of the work.
+Correcting the Problem
+
+These are closely related sentences, but each of them completes a thought; therefore, they either need a period, a semicolon, or a comma with a conjunction between them.
+Rule To Remember
+
+A comma splice occurs when two complete sentences are joined by a comma, and there is no conjunction present.
+
+Correct: She decided not to contribute to the project anymore. She had done her share of the work.
+
+Correct: She decided not to contribute to the project anymore; she had done her share of the work.
+Comma Splices Can Be Avoided By Using
+
+A period between two complete sentences.
+
+Incorrect: A Minneapolis bridge collapsed last night, several people were reported missing.
+
+Correct: A Minneapolis bridge collapsed last night. Several people were reported missing.
+
+A semicolon between two complete sentences.
+
+Incorrect: I got up late this morning, I missed my interview. I was having a terrible day!
+
+Correct: I got up late this morning; I missed my interview. I was having a terrible day!
+
+A conjunction (either coordinating or subordinating).
+
+Incorrect: I am going out of town tomorrow, need to visit my grandmother.
+
+Correct: I am going out of town tomorrow because I need to visit my grandmother.
+Rule To Remember
+
+A comma splice can be corrected with:
+
+    A period
+    A semicolon
+    A conjunction
+    A semicolon and a transitional word
+
+A semicolon and a transitional word followed by a comma.
+
+Incorrect: Our team completed the group project, haven't submitted it yet.
+
+Correct: Our team completed the group project; however, we haven't submitted it yet.
+
+Correct: Our team completed the group project. However, we haven't submitted it yet.

src/punctuation/parentheses.md

@@ -1 +1,130 @@
 # Parentheses
+
+
+Parentheses are used to explain the statement or provide explanatory information in the sentence.
+
+```example
+Incorrect: The teacher told us: what a great reminder! to include the list of works cited with our essays.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Incorrect: The Classroom Performance System - CPS - is a student response system developed by eInstruction.
+```
+
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+The two sentences above require the use of parentheses to enclose additional or explanatory information in the sentence.
+
+```example
+Correct: The teacher told us (what a great reminder!) to include the list of works cited with our essays.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: The Classroom Performance System (CPS) is a student response system developed by eInstruction.
+```
+
+
+Parentheticals refer to parentheses, dashes, and brackets, each of which has different possible functions in a sentence. None of these are frequently used in formal writing.
+
+Parentheses ( ) usually indicate a full interruption in thought.
+
+```example
+Correct: He wanted to go home, but couldn't (too much to do).
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Parentheses are used to explain the statement or provide explanatory information in the sentence.
+
+They can also be used to substitute for the word "or" in certain types of sentences. For instance:
+
+```example
+Correct: What part(s) do you want?
+```
+
+
+Parentheses are frequently used to introduce abbreviations, especially in technical and scientific writing.
+
+```example
+Correct: This paper discusses the potential veracity of reports documenting Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) in the United States.
+```
+
+> **Another Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Parentheses are used to introduce abbreviations, in figure captions and with numbers of items in lists.
+
+There are many instances, especially in certain relative clauses, where commas, not parentheses, are appropriate.
+
+```example
+Correct: The cat, which had orange and grey markings, nuzzled her leg.
+```
+
+
+It would be tempting to put the "which" clause in parentheses, but since it is a relative clause (see Relative Clauses), the commas are necessary instead.
+
+Parentheses are also used in figure captions and with numbers of items in lists.
+
+```example
+Correct: Two steps are needed to complete our project: (1) decide on a website design and (2) choose the hosting service.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Figure 2 shows two samples: (a) sample after cooling and (2) sample taken in normal temperatures.
+```
+
+
+## Dashes
+
+
+Dashes -- are primarily used to indicate a pause in thought which offers more detail or emphasizes a point of information.
+
+```example
+Correct: I wish I in was Georgia -- Atlanta, that is.
+```
+
+
+Or they can be used to separate an appositive phrase, usually a list, from the rest of the sentence.
+
+```example
+Correct: I had these books -- by Tolkien, Bear, and Herbert -- renewed because they were overdue.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Dashes indicate a pause in thought which offers more detail or emphasizes a point of information.
+
+## Brackets
+
+Brackets `[ ]` have very specific uses in formal writing; they are used either to insert commentary, missing words, or ellipses within direct quotes.
+
+```example
+Correct: Jones states, "Only five [people out of the original group] were left alive after Stalin's purges."
+```
+
+
+In this sentence, the person quoting Jones is adding specific information that was not given by the author. Similarly:
+
+The word sic in brackets, meaning, "thus in the original," can also be used to indicate errors in the original text, though [sic] is much less frequently used than it once was in the past.
+
+Consider the following sentence:
+
+```example
+Correct: Davidson argues, "We can only do so much before [...] we have to give up this futile attempt."
+```
+
+
+In this sentence, the person is adding ellipses to a quote, indicating that he or she has cut out words between before and we.
+
+Dashes and parentheses should be used sparingly in formal academic writing. Parenthetical statements especially should be avoided because if something is important enough to be in the sentence, it should be fully part of that sentence.
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> Brackets are used either to insert commentary, missing words, or ellipses within direct quotes.
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/period.md

@@ -1 +1,104 @@
 # Period
+
+The end of a complete sentence should be marked by a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. If a sentence is not complete and it is terminated by a period, we have a sentence fragment as in the sentence below.
+
+```example
+Incorrect: You can use any resources. To complete your take-home exam.
+```
+
+> **Rule To Remember**
+>
+> The end of a complete sentence should be marked by a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point.
+
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+```example
+Correct: You can use any resources to complete your take-home exam.
+```
+
+[Sentence fragments](./sentence_fragments.md) are discussed in a different section of this tutorial. This section will explore the uses of punctuation marks used to mark the end of sentences.
+
+## End of Sentence
+
+A period is used to signal the end of a complete sentence.
+
+```example
+Correct: This is the best paper I've ever written.
+```
+
+
+A period is also used at the end of an indirect question.
+
+```example
+Correct: The teacher asked us if we understood the assignment.
+```
+
+
+Polite requests can be followed either by a period or by a question mark.
+
+```example
+Correct: Will you please mail this letter for me.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Will you please mail this letter for me?
+```
+
+
+## Abbreviations
+
+A period should be placed after every part of the abbreviation:
+
+- A.D.
+- Dr. Watson
+- a.m. (am is also possible)
+- Ave.
+
+Very common abbreviations and units of measure don't take periods:
+
+- mph
+- mp3
+- rpm
+- mpg
+
+Academic degrees can be written with or without periods:
+
+- DDS
+- EdD
+- M.S.
+- B.A.
+
+Lower case abbreviations are usually written with periods:
+
+i.e. Government agencies and international organizations are written without periods:
+
+- FBI
+- UNESCO
+- UN
+- NATO
+- UNICEF
+- EU
+
+
+## Question Mark
+
+Direct questions are followed by a question mark.
+
+```example
+Correct: The teacher asked, "Do you understand the assignment?"
+```
+
+
+## Exclamation Point
+
+Exclamatory sentences should be followed by an exclamation point.
+
+```example
+Correct: Wow! That's incredible!
+```
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/punctuation.md

@@ -1 +1,22 @@
 # Punctuation
+
+Punctuation fills our writing with silent intonation. We pause, stop, emphasize,
+or question using a comma, a period, an exclamation point or a question
+mark. Correct punctuation adds clarity and precision to writing; it allows the
+writer to stop, pause, or give emphasis to certain parts of the sentence.
+
+This section of the tutorial covers the most general uses of punctuation
+marks. Special attention is given to the most common mistakes that occur when
+punctuation does not follow standard written English conventions. The guidelines
+and examples given here do not offer a comprehensive analysis of all punctuation
+uses, rather a quick overview of some of the most frequent punctuation mistakes
+students make in writing. The section also covers the use of apostrophes and
+capital letters; these do not directly refer to punctuation but more to
+mechanics and spelling. However, just as with punctuation marks, knowledge of
+their proper use is intrinsic to good writing.
+
+Take the [Quick Self-Test]() <!-- TODO: add link --> to identify the common
+punctuation mistakes you may encounter in your writing. Follow the links
+included in the answers to the quiz questions to learn more about how to correct
+or avoid each punctuation mistake. If you prefer, you may review the entire
+punctuation section.

src/punctuation/quotation.md

@@ -1 +1,138 @@
 # Quotation
+
+A direct quote needs to be enclosed in quotation marks. Consider the following sentence:
+
+```example
+Incorrect: How did you do on your final, my roommate asked.
+```
+
+> Rule To Remember
+>
+> Use quotation marks to indicate actual speech or dialogue and to set off direct quotations of text or speech from other sources.
+
+## Correcting the Problem
+
+
+Because the above sentence contains a direct quote, it needs to be enclosed in quotation marks.
+
+```example
+Correct: "How did you do on your final?" my roommate asked.
+```
+
+
+Single quotes are used to enclose a quotation inside a quotation.
+
+```example
+Correct: "I'm writing a book about the Battle of Gettysburg," the historian said, "and I think it will be important to refer to Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, particularly the part of the speech where he says, 'The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it cannot forget what they did here'."
+```
+
+
+## Long Direct Quotations
+
+
+In a narrative, when dialogue is used, long direct quotations should have quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of each paragraph. Dialogue should begin on a new line each time there is a change in speaker.
+
+In essays, research papers, or reports, when a quotation is more than four lines long, that quotation needs to be indented half an inch, double-spaced, and not enclosed in quotation marks. Such long quotations are also called block quotes. Consider the following example:
+
+```example
+Correct: The author concludes by emphasizing the relevance of wikis in education:
+```
+
+
+Regardless of how educators feel about the potential of wikis, and I can understand the hesitancy many teachers feel, one thing remains certain. The collaborative environment that wikis facilitate can teach students much about how to work with others, how to create community, and how to operate in a world where creation of knowledge and information is more and more becoming a group effort. (Richardson, 74)
+
+Both single (' ') and double (" ") quotation marks have a variety of conventional uses. In American English, double-quotation marks are most commonly used to indicate actual speech or dialogue (as in novels and stories) or to set off direct quotations of text or speech from other sources (as in critical essays and research papers).
+
+```example
+Correct: "Your research papers will be due at the end of the semester," the teacher said. "How long do they have to be?" one student asked. "Roughly ten pages," she replied, "so we'll be focusing on your research skills for much of the course."
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Here's my favorite quote by George Bernard Shaw: "A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable, but more useful than a life spent doing nothing."
+```
+
+
+## Direct Quotations
+
+
+Direct quotations include a person's actual words which need to be enclosed in quotation marks.
+
+A direct quotation needs to start with a capital letter, unless it is divided into two or more parts. Then the second part should start with the lower case letter.
+
+```example
+Correct: "Take the time to proofread your essay," the teacher said, "before you hand it in."
+```
+
+> Rule To Remember
+>
+> Periods, question marks, and exclamation points are placed inside quotation marks, but colons and semicolons are placed outside.
+
+Direct quotations are set off from the main clause by commas. If the direct quotation is also a question or an exclamation, the question mark and the exclamation point are included inside the quotes. The period should also be included inside the quotation marks.
+
+```example
+Correct: "Have you ever taken an online class?" my counselor asked.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: "Yes, of course!" I answered.
+```
+
+
+Semicolons and colons should always be placed outside the closing quotation marks.
+
+```example
+Correct: The teacher said, "The assignment is due next week"; then he proceeded to explain what we needed to do for this assignment.
+```
+
+
+## Indirect Quotations
+
+
+Indirect quotations do not state the speaker's words exactly; rather they indicate the general idea of what was said.
+
+Indirect quotations should not be enclosed in quotation marks.
+
+```example
+Correct: The teacher announced that the assignment would be due next week, and then he proceeded to explain what we needed to do for this assignment.
+```
+
+> Rule To Remember
+>
+> Do not enclose indirect quotations in quotation marks.
+
+Another conventional usage of double quotation marks is to set off the titles of short stories, short poems, one-act plays, short films, songs, television episodes, essays, articles, and other short works.
+
+This distinguishes such forms from the titles of novels, full-length plays, long poems, albums, television series, films, books, magazines and journals, newspapers, and other longer works, which are marked by italics.
+
+```example
+Correct: "Hills Like White Elephants" is a story by Hemingway.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: "Hush," an episode from the fourth season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, is considered one of the very best of the whole series, but it's possible that "Restless," from the same season, is better.
+```
+
+
+```example
+Correct: Lust for Life is a book based on the life of Vincent van Gogh.
+```
+
+
+## Word Definitions
+
+When you are defining a word in a sentence, the definition is typically included in quotation marks.
+
+```example
+Correct: The word accept means "to agree or receive favorably."
+```
+
+> Rule To Remember
+>
+> Enclose word definitions in quotation marks.
+
+---
+
+<!-- TODO: add quiz -->

src/punctuation/run-on_sentences.md

@@ -1 +1,51 @@
 # Run-on Sentences
+
+A run-on sentence occurs when two independent clauses run together without proper punctuation or appropriate conjunctions.
+
+Incorrect: Raffi sings upbeat children's songs he is an excellent musician.
+Correcting the Problem
+
+Correct: Raffi sings upbeat children's songs; he is an excellent musician.
+
+A more common run-on sentence, as in the example below, uses a transitional expression, but without necessary punctuation.
+Rule To Remember
+
+A run-on sentence occurs when two independent clauses run together without proper punctuation or appropriate conjunctions.
+
+Incorrect: Helen cooked dinner therefore Ralph will wash the dishes.
+
+Correct: Helen cooked dinner; therefore, Ralph will wash the dishes.
+
+There are several ways to correct a run-on sentence. Before deciding how to fix a run-on, however, examine the clauses that make up the sentence.
+
+Decide what the main purpose of the sentence is, then choose one of the following methods to rewrite the sentence for clarity:
+
+    Divide clauses into two sentences
+    Insert a semicolon between the two clauses
+    Use a comma with either a coordinating or subordinating conjunction
+
+Correct Run-on Sentences By
+
+Dividing the clauses into two sentences by inserting a period between them.
+
+Incorrect: Mary came home from work early we worked hard on our project.
+
+Correct: Mary came home from work early. We worked hard on our project.
+
+Inserting a semicolon between them, if the two clauses are very closely related.
+
+Incorrect: Mary came home from work early she had been feeling ill all morning.
+
+Correct: Mary came home from work early; she had been feeling ill all morning.
+
+Using a comma with a coordinating conjunction to separate the clauses. The coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor.
+
+Incorrect: I was too tired to go to the store the guys shopped for three hours.
+
+Correct: I was too tired to go to the store, but the guys shopped for three hours.
+
+Adding a subordinating conjunction to make one sentence out of the two clauses. Some subordinating conjunctions are: when, while, because, as, although, if, though, since.
+
+Incorrect: I will watch The Office you do your homework.
+
+Correct: I will watch The Office while you do your homework.

src/punctuation/sentence_fragments.md

@@ -1 +1,60 @@
 # Sentence Fragments
+
+A sentence fragment is a sentence that is missing either its subject or its main verb.
+
+Some sentence fragments occur as the result of simple typographical errors or omission of words. They can often be avoided with careful proofreading.
+
+Incorrect: Went to the store yesterday.
+
+Incorrect: After the classes, the library. My life nowadays.
+
+The first sentence above does not have a subject, and the second one does not have a main verb.
+Rule To Remember
+
+A sentence fragment is a sentence that is missing either its subject or its main verb.
+Correcting the Problem
+
+There are many ways to correct the sentences above. In the first sentence, introduce the subject and in the second add the main verb.
+
+Correct: I went to the store yesterday.
+
+Correct: After the classes, I am going to the library. This happens to be my life nowadays.
+
+Aside from typographical errors, the two most common causes of fragments are the misuse of subordinators and the misuse of prepositions. In order to understand how these errors occur, it is first necessary to define clauses in English.
+
+In English, a clause is defined as a unit that contains both a verb and its subject. As the following examples illustrate, a sentence may consist of a single clause or may contain multiple clauses:
+
+One clause: I hate listening to political pundits.
+
+Two clauses: Students dislike Mr. Jones because his classes can be tough.
+
+Two clauses: I am upset that it is snowing in the middle of April.
+
+Three clauses: Since you drew the short straw, you must walk to the gas station while we stay here.
+
+The easiest way to count the number of clauses in a sentence is to count the number of verbs, then find their corresponding subjects.
+Phrase Fragments
+
+Incorrect: Since I was done with the exam, I put my pen and paper down. Waiting for the teacher to start collecting papers.
+
+Unattached phrases must be made part of a complete sentence. We can join them either using a comma or a conjunction.
+
+Correct: Since I was done with the exam, I put my pen and paper down, waiting for the teacher to start collecting papers.
+
+Correct: I was done with the exam; I put my pen and paper down and was waiting for the teacher to start collecting papers.
+Subordinate Clause Fragments
+
+Incorrect: Students dislike Mr. Jones. Because his classes can be tough.
+
+Incorrect: Since you drew the short straw. You must walk to the gas station while we stay here.
+
+This type of sentence fragment occurs because the subordinate clause is separated from the main clause and cannot stand on its own. Two clauses can be combined using a subordinating conjunction or an adverb to show the dependence of one clause on the other.
+Rule To Remember
+
+Correct sentence fragments by joining two fragmented parts with either a conjunction or an adverb.
+
+Correct: Students dislike Mr. Jones because his classes can be tough.
+
+Correct: Since you drew the short straw, you must walk to the gas station while we stay here.
+
+A correct clause has to express a complete thought.